I.   过渡与照应

一致性和连贯性是作文的两个基本原则。而过渡与照应是保持文章的一致性和连贯性的重要手段。过渡指上下文之间的衔接与转换，在写作中起承上启下的作用。过渡帮助读者文章的条理和层次，沿着文章的思路由一个层次转到另一个层次，由前一段过渡到下一段，以致感到全文连贯畅达，融会贯通。

1.      过渡方法

A.        用过渡词语过渡

从一个句子过渡到另一个句子可以恰当地使用表示过渡的词语。过渡词语一般放在句子的开头，在上下文起启承转合的作用，并使内容连贯，通顺易懂。

就议论文，说明文而言，分析论述或说明一系列问题时，往往需用过渡词语，如“Fighting against Corruption”一文中的主体段：

There are some major causes for the battle against corrupt behavior.One cause is the random collection of fees by some department which has been one of the major complaints made by citizens. Another cause is that illegal acts in the banking sector and finance departments are also severely targeted. And the most frequently stressed cause is to prevent officials from abusing their power and trading power for personal gain. Through the battle, mechanisms for strict supervision, severe punishment and anti-corruption controls over corrupt behavior have been reinforced.

在这段议论文里，作者在分析反腐败的原因时，用三个过渡词语（见划线部分）把有有三个句子紧密连接起来，从而突出强调了反腐败的三个主要原因。

再如“Fake Advertising”一文中的主体段：

There are several reasons for the fake advertising according to the State Administration of Industry and Commerce. First, some enterprises, especially township and private ones, take the advantage of fake advertising to push sales of their inferior or fake products. Second, many newspapers, magazines and other media take the advertising in order to earn money regardless of the ethics of the ad’s contents. Third, China does not have effective laws and regulations to prevent such advertising. As a result, false advertising has become one of the major problems hounding a modernizing Chinese country.

这是一段因果分析说明文。作者首先分别用了三个序数词（见划线部分）作为过渡词语，清楚地阐明假广告盛行的三个主要根由。然后用“As a result”这一表示结果的过渡词语点明假广告产生的后果，以引起读者的注意。

在记叙文里，地点转移或时间、事件转换时，为使读者的思路跟上作者的思路往往需要过渡，如下面“Sightseeing”一文：

Sightseeing

Last summer holidays my friend and I went to Beijing to see the sights of the capital.

First we headed for Tian. An Men Square. There we saw the Monument to the People’s Heroes, the Great Hall of the People, the Museum o Chinese History and the Museum of the Chinese Revolution.

Then we walked through Tian An Men Gate to the Palace Museum where we enjoyed the buildings of great historical interest. Having finished visiting the Palace, we decided to go to Beihai Park. When we got there, we began climbing up to the White Dagoba to get a fine view of the capital. Afterward, we had lunch at the restaurant in the park.

After lunch we went by bus to the Temple of Heaven.As soon as we went in we were impressed by this architectural masterpiece.

Then we strolled in the Joyous Pavilion Park, where we spent an hour boating. While boating we appreciated the rock gardens, pavilions and rare flowers around the lake.

As it got dark we rounded off a very pleasant day with a visit to the Beijing Roast Duch Restaurant. We agreed that our sightseeing in Beijing was a tgreat success and we learned a good deal and had a wonderful time.

本篇主要记叙游玩首都北京的情况。作者用了若干表示时间顺序的过渡词语（见划线部分）把一天的游玩活动自然而然地串连到一起，读起来感到顺畅自然。

B.        用句子过渡

文章由一段内容转入另一段内容，从一个层次转换到另一个层次需用一个过渡句。用句子过渡主要有以下三种情况：

a.通过设问或提示导入正文

过渡句通常在第一段的末尾，或者在第二段的开头。如“Solutions to Test Anxiety”一文中的第一段：

When taking an examination, many students tend to be worried and uneasy. Their minds cannot work as well as they usually do. As a result they get low grades which do not show their real abilities. Then how to cope with such test anxiety?

最后一句（划线部分）是过渡句。作者用设问方式引导读者转入下一段的正题，即“Solutions to Test Anxiety”。

再如“Dull Work”一文的第一段：

Whether work should be among the causes of happiness or among the causes of unhappiness may be a doubtful question. To me it seems that most of the work that most people have to do is not itself interesting, but even such work has two great advantages.

该过渡句（见划线部分）提示读者下一段内容将转入阐述“two great advantages of dull work”。

〔“导入正文”的参考过渡句〕

1. Then what is the nature of scientific attitude?

2. Let’s take three commonly accepted study skills for example.

3. What are the causes of this new phenomenon?

4. What can a student do to overcome these difficulties then?

5. The following characteristics are intended to facilitate the journey.

6. I think there are three factors which can be attributed to the phenomenon.

7. A successful job applicant should demonstrate certain personal and professional qualities.

8. This needless slaughter in traffic accidents can be attributed to three general causes.

9. In my opinion, possessing an electronic computer brings us the following advantages.

10. The key to happiness, in my opinion, lies in the attitudes we take towards people and towards life.

11. Nowadays, the generation gap between the young and the old has become more and more apparent.

12. As far as I am concerned, I’m fond of school activities.

b.         通过总结，引出结论

过渡句通常位于最后一段的开头。如“Why Shanghai People enjoy Long Life Expectancy”一文的最后一段：

Clearly, these factors have played an important role in Shanghai people’s life. Given a better environment, Shanghai people’s life expectancy would extend beyond 80.

显而易见，作者在上述段落中分析了上海人长寿的原因之后，用“Clearly, these factors have played an important role in Shanghai people’s life.”作为过渡句，总收一笔，作出概括。

〔“引出结论”的参考过渡句〕

1. Indeed, much more attention should be paid to these serious problems.

2. These seem to be some of the ways in which a successful scientist thinks and acts.

3. These good things have really helped to add fullness to people’s life.

4. Clearly, the campaign is of great significance to the development of the national economy.

5. Obviously, cigarette pollution subjects people not only to great discomfort but also to physical harm.

6. As is shown above, the project has a far-reaching influence on the society.

7. All these factors will lead to poorly educated people.

8. Whatever its underlying reasons, there is no doubt that much of the pollution could be controlled if all sides concerned make more efforts.

9. It has been clear that traffic accidents may not only cause a lot of deaths but also produce economic loss.

10., Weighing the two sides, both arguments seem to be reasonable.

c.         通过提示，转入对比

说明文和议论文等从一个段落过渡到另一个段落，表示转入与内容所阐述的问题相反，或者形成对比时，常在段首用过渡句。这种过渡句需在句前用一个表示对比的过渡词或者短语。如：“Advantages and Disadvantages of Going Abroad for Further Studies”一文中的一段：

Nevertheless, there will be some disadvantages of going abroad. For example, we have to suffer a lot from loneliness because of leaving family and friends, we must make great efforts to learn a new language, and we will spend a great deal of money.

作者用“Nevertheless”连接“there will be some disadvantages of going abroad.”这样一个表示意思明显转折的过渡句。把文章自然地由上述“advantages of going abroad”转到“disadvantages”上，使文章的上下文有机地联系起来。

〔“转入对比”的参考过渡句〕

1. In spite of these disadvantages, there are some major advantages of modern advertisements.

2. On the other hand, those who are opposed to euthanasia argue that ….

3. However, this modern invention has also brought some side effects to human beings.

4. Nonetheless, there still exist some problems.

5. However, bad manners are observed around us.

6. Unlike the real world, television presents a world of clarity and simplicity.

7. By contrast, a loser often shows some characteristics that a winner does not possess.

8. However, there is a common fallacy（错误） that ….

9. Instead, there is a widespread disbelief that ….

10. On the contrary, independent study can have the following effects which cannot be derived from following lectures.

11. Different from all other media, television penetrates nearly every home in the country.

12. On the other hand, the residents often complain about the discomforts of city life.

C.        用段落过渡

文章内容由一层意思转换为另一层意思的交接处，一般安排一个起承上启下作用的段落，表示过渡。这个段落被称为过渡段。如下面“Nuclear Energy”一文的过渡段：

This is an important effect of the combing of unclear energy; yet, to my mind, it is not the most important. What is most important is that energy will be more evenly distributed in the future.

很清楚，“This is an important effect”起着承上段的作用；而“What is most important”起着启下段的作用。显然，下段将阐述如何合理分配能量问题。

〔参考“过渡段”〕

1. Having identified four components of a teacher’s intellectual and emotional equipment, I would now like to consider a question pertaining to them that has been much debated；Is there a science of education?

2. So far I have spoken from my own experiences as a teacher in high school, college, and university. But you need not take my uncorroborated（未确定的）word for the deplorable failure of the country’s education. There are many other witnesses who can be called to the stand.

3. So far so good. But now we must return to the distinction between reading for information and reading for understanding. In the previous paragraph, I suggested how much more active the latter sort of reading must be, and how it feels to do it. Now we must consider the difference in what you get out of these two kinds of reading.

写文章除了要上下连贯，还要前后照应。应该前有交代，后有应笔。假如前面提到的问题，后面没有着落，则会使读者感到有呼无应，交代没有着落；反之，后面提起的内容，前面没有交代或暗示，也会使读者感到莫名其妙，多此一举。照应帮助读者了解文章的脉络和层次之间的内在联系；同时，又可以使文章的结构严谨，内容连贯。

2.      照应方式

A.        开头与结尾相照应

如“Generation Gap”一文：

Generation Gap

Generation gap refers to the differences in ideas, feeling, and interests between older and younger people. It is especially considered as causing a lack of communication and understanding between the two generations.

There is an evident gap between the young and the old nowadays. The young people live in a new age completely different from the past. They accept new things and new ideas easily. They are deeply concerned with the present and the future. Whereas the older people like to talk about the “good old days” and don’t like to feel that their s and beliefs are questioned and threatened. They cannot understand why the young want to make changes in the conventional things and old systems. As a result, the old people think the young are not what they were, and most young people are unable to learn from the parents and elders who they will never be.

In order to reconcile the differences, some forms of organization should be established to help the young and the old exchange their ideas and strengthen their mutual understanding so as to bridge the gap.

本文的开头段用定义的写法，交代了“代沟”的意思，产生“代沟”的原因。主体段具体地论述了老年人与青年人之间所存在的代沟问题，对前段提到的“代沟”做出了“照应”。文章的最后一段写到如何解决“代沟”问题，再“应”前面的伏笔，使首尾遥相呼应。其效果是通篇一气贯穿，内容前后一致。

B.        内容与标题相照应

如“Making Friends”一文：

Making Friends

Making friends constitutes an important part in our life. As society is made of individuals, we cannot go through life without friends. Friends give us happiness; with them we sparkle. If we run into problems, our friends can give us much comfort and encouragement. If we wish to do something which has to involve someone, such as playing table tennis, we can enjoy doing it with friends. In short, making friends can bring us pleasure and companionship.

What’s true friendship? Different people have different expectations about it. But “a friend in need is a friend indeed”. This famous saying shows a general belief in the true of friendship. It is a mutual relationship that demands a sharing of not only one’s happiness but also one’s unhappiness. Between friends there is inevitably a kind of equality of give-and-take. Hence friendship is a guarantee of harmonious efforts.

As far as I’m concerned, I’m not very selective in making friends. More friends means more happiness. Our society is like a big family in which I wish to make as many friends as possible. If we all become friends in the big family, the world will be friendlier.

文章在开头段交代交朋友是人生中重要的内容，与标题相应。接着，写朋友在生活中所起的重要作用，与标题相应。主体段阐述了什么是真正的友谊和真正的朋友，再次与标题照应。最后一段谈论作者对友谊、交朋友的看法，又一次与标题照应。文章结束时，用“如果大家都成为朋友，这个世界会变得更加友好”回应标题。显然，本文的开头与结尾，段落之间，甚至句子之间，处处与标题照应，从而加深了印象，突出了主题。

许多文章让人读后有种内容不突出，文不对题，结构松散的感觉，就是内容与标题没有照应的缘故。

常用过渡词语归纳

1. Addition（附加）

  again

  and, and then

  besides

  further

  furthermore

  in addition

  moreover

  too

2. Emphasis（强调）

  above all

  as a matter of fact

  certainly

  chiefly

  doubtless

  indeed

  in fact

  in point of fact

  to be sure

  unquestionable

  without doubt

3. Similarity（比较）

  in like manner

  in the same way

similarly

4. Contrast（对比）

  although

  but

  conversely

  however

  in contrast

  nevertheless

  nonetheless

  on the contrary

  on the other hand

  otherwise

  still

  unlike

  while

  yet

5. Example（举例）

  for example

  for instance

  in particular

  in this case

  namely

  to illustrate

6. Reason（原因）

  as

  because

  for

  for that reason

  since

7. Result（结果）

  accordingly

  as a result

  consequently

  hence

  so, so far

  then

  therefore

  thus, thus far

8. Time（时间）

  afterwards

  at last

  before

  immediately

  in due time

  in the meantime

  meanwhile

  once

  presently

  shortly

  shortly after

  soon

  until

  while

9.Chronology(次序)

  finally

  first, second,

  third, etc.

  next

  then

  firstly, secondly,

  thirdly, etc.

  first of all

  above all

  in the first place

  next

  then

10Conclusion(结论)

  in brief

  in conclusion

  in other words

  in short

  to sum up